Computing

Computing is the hidden resource behind everything else: without efficient chips there is no artificial intelligence, no autonomous vehicle, no smart grid. The section follows process nodes shrinking — 2 nanometres and beyond — architectures doing more operations per watt, memory, interconnects, and quantum computing whenever it produces verifiable results rather than promises.

We read the roadmaps of TSMC, Samsung, Intel and the Chinese foundries, the architecture papers, the independent benchmarks. The angle never changes: efficiency — compute per unit of energy — matters more than raw performance, because it decides what will actually run, from the data centre to the phone. Every article gives its orders of magnitude and cites its sources.